$21. LightHawKnight 10 years ago #6. Once it has set its sights on a target, its victim has little chance of escape. Might be interesting exercise to compare stats of golden morphed at Level99 vs non-golden morphed at level cap. Is there a way I can obtain griffy and flutterby in no kuni? I saw some streamers using them and I'm wondering where to get them. I preordered digitally for PS4 and want to get a hardcopy Switch version. For Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch on the PlayStation 3, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "Does Griffy evolve? Does he stay useful throughout the entire game?". Do not get into the habit of just standing there and mashing the attack button as this can. Sparkee. Rune Factory 3 is 100% complete with all the documents and manual included. More Fandoms Fantasy; Advertisement. perfect design fitting for video game enthusiasts who loves ni no kuni It can also be given as a Birthday or Christmas gift to your best friend, relative, boyfriend, or girlfriend who also loves ni n. Make 300k - 900k at casino playing Platoon [Exploitish/Strategy] This whole post is a pretty big exploit/spoiler. Anything regarding the White Witch would be considered dlc content in this day and age. Creatures of this genus favor pies over. When its Familiarity level reaches level 5. This errand is available to complete after defeating Khulan's Nightmare in Perdida, as well as completing Errand 073. wizaerd (Topic Creator) 10 years ago #5. Name. Chocolate - Increases. The best familiars I used with Oliver were Dynomite and Puss in Boats. The beloved #NinoKuni series joins Xbox for the first time!Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch Remastered is now available, and fans can look forward to Ni. A fairy in Golden Grove is anxiously waiting for his friends to return after they fled the forest. For Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch on the PlayStation 3, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "So how do you edit your save to get griffy etc?". D. But did it hurt anything? nope. Treats. Double Cross. Platoon. Now that I have beaten everything, I have a team of all gamebreakers and it's nice for farming drops. Ingredient for Jumbo. Each familiar also has a favorite treat, which offers a boost to the statisitcal increase. It rules the skies with overwhelming force. Treats are items that you can use in your creature cage to feed your familiars and increase one of their six stats by varying amounts. ago. Nothing can touch Catastroceros' attack stat, but he maxes at 28. All-Star Production - LEVEL-5's mastery of the RPG genre is combined with Studio Ghibli's world-class animation and music composed by the renowned Joe Hisaishi. A unique category of accessories that at first slightly increases defence, but eventually becomes an asset that enhances the wearer's elemental trick potency. Griffy's maximum level in his final form is 29, his stats max out at 310ish attack, 250ish defense, 210 magical attack, 150 magical defense, 160 accuracy, 200 evasion, or thereabouts. Once you open the Pandora League, you will be able to access the Elemental Shrine there, and then you will be able to redeem your ticket and receive your familiar. FC:1993-7421-8898. Possibly the largest in the game. Griffy is one of the most effective attackers you can give Esther. After you beat the last boss, you get a ticket from the Familiar Retreat guy, which you can redeem for sapdragon. When it metamorphoses into a Greater Griffy. Griffy: Flutterby: Draggle: Golden Mite: Golden Drongo: Golden Hurly: Categories Categories: Misc; Familiar; Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. So if you metamorph the greater griffy, make sure Esther has something like her Drongo/Strongo at a decent level so she can use that while the tier 3 griffy gets exp to start catching up with levels againGo to Ni_no_Kuni r/Ni_no_Kuni • by. C. xtdg134 10 years ago #3. No one replied to my topic so I'll ask here: does that mean Griffy is impossible to get without the DLC, or does the DLC just let you have it early? Griffy is not in the game without the DLC code. 411: Golden Triumphant. Little more is known, save that it excels, at airborne combat. When you go to the cage option in the menu, you can feed your Familiar treats and raise their affection/stats. Griffy's maximum level in his final form is 29, his stats max out at 310ish attack, 250ish defense, 210 magical attack, 150 magical defense, 160 accuracy, 200 evasion, or. Unique Ni No Kuni Griffy Posters designed and sold by artists. There are 6 types of treats, each match a stat. Equipped by familiars that have an arsenal of elemental tricks that which the scales can complement. FC:1993-7421-8898. Usually carry a Griffy til grimray takes over. Treats are items that can be used to feed your Familiars . He's pretty powerful midgame, but by the endgame you'll have him in your reserves or in the retreat, cos you'll find plenty of other familiars who outperform him. advertisement. Step 1: Bring out the megalith Step 2: Cast Yoo Hoo Step 3: Sit there and defend taking 1 point of. Lvl 21 is the max for the 2nd form of Griffy. Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch. Top 5%. Nymphae, Arcana, Mortui - cake. If you reserve Ni no Kuni at GameStop or (in Canada) EB Games, you can get a. Shonky-Honker. " Genus:. Ruff is of the Bestiae genus, making it best-used by Swaine who has an affinity for this type, but even then, Ruff is not worth your time at all. If you want the high stats, don't evolve napcap until it reaches the max level for all tiers. One says there are lots of mushroom and the other guy talk about a big hole. " Genus: Aquatica Equipment Type: Axes and Hammers, Cloaks. 2. Before actually metamorphing you can see the tricks the familiar has and which they receive or learn with the metamorphosis or level up by pressing triangle. . I love Ghibli movies and monster collecting games, so I was really happy. Treats also fill up your familiars, and they’ll. A unique category of accessories that at first slightly increases defence, but eventually becomes an asset that enhances the wearer's elemental trick potency. Available in a range of colours and styles for men, women, and everyone. But he also caps early, his max level is 11 on his first form. See Sense (Heal) 16. Looks like Fluorongo is a better healer and Electrongo is a better damage dealer. There are four games of chance: Slot Machine. Though they appear to be rather docile, they have been known to jump out of the water and attack unsuspecting seafarers. I would suggest it if you plan on doing the post game content. Notify me about new. I find that the treats seem to treat the familiarty the same so far, and it doesn't really matter what you use to feed them. . Online. Premium Powerups Explore Gaming. griffy level caps. Ruff is a common enemy, found throughout the Rolling Hills area, and metamorphoses. Aquatica, Minima - pie. 2. I'm at the level cap (21) and good gosh this is a tough decision. " Wizard's Companion: "Sea creatures that use their broad fins to traverse the oceans. updated Feb 14, 2013. I beat it (on hard for the entire thing) with mostly, if not entirely, physical and healing familiars. Thus the answer would be no. There are four roles in this game that familiars fall under: Tank, Attacker, Spell. updated Feb 7, 2013. Shop Another World Drippy Hoodies and Sweatshirts designed and sold by artists for men, women, and everyone. You'll have to set sail first in order to complete this. Teopcigart 10 years ago #7. $6. When I played through Ni No Kuni and beat the postgame, Oliver's Griffurnace had the 2nd highest attack on my team IIRC, right. noz3r0 is primarily correct. To find this errand, the player must start Errand 085. Ni-no Kuni Wrath of the White Witch Familiars Guide A familiars guide for Ni-no Kuni Wrath of the White Witch by Deathstarengineer You will need Microsoft Excel Viewer or Microsoft Excel to view. Also, you can go through the menu using another button (for controllers, I believe the L2/R2 buttons go through the menu). Playing nnk wrath of the white witch on switch now and I got a giffy from giffy ticket, and it’s stat is much higher then all my other familiars. Double sign also changes Griffy's base stats and potentially growth of stats. A small test where I try to determine the difference between maxing out familiars at each metamorphic stage and metamorphosing them as soon as you're able to. Complete Errand 010 and speak to the same NPC to get this task. The thing that separates Grimray from other familiars in Esther's groupings/stats is that it's weapon is axes/hammers. Snaptrap offre une variété de techniques, y compris le soutien physique, la guérison et les attaques de feu. Clinkclank is probably the only other one I would recommend for Swaine. Buy. . The glowing spot here respawns 555 Guilders. Griffy is pretty beast for me still. A black orb has appeared on the north of this island, and laughter can be heard coming from within. ago. The two familiars available with your pre-order of Ni No Kuni are: GRIFFY – Able to spy its prey from great distances, the Griffy is known as the Hunter of the Skies. With the fog covering the islands in the southwest quadrant of the world, you know it's not over yet, so load up on ice and light. Natural wood or black or white bamboo frames. I go that direction and found a thicket of tree I can go into and 2 people are there. Double Star Griffy: 23/21/20/16/17/18 (While testing I got these exact stats all 5 times I got double star) Snaptrap est l’un des plus grands chars et peut-être l’un des meilleurs familiers de Ni No Kuni, ayant une bonne cote d’attaque. Even more impressively, their nests are also decorated in the same pattern. . " Wizard's Companion: "The spectacular stripes of these snake-like creatures leave onlookers dumbfounded. I am using Griffy (Griffrigerator) as one of Esther familiars and her stops healing. i had try and tested itFlutterby and Griffy are also exclusively available through the tickets. Nymphae, Arcana, Mortui - cake. when you reach the point in the story where they explain the familiar retreat and catching familiars, talk to the main guy in that room after all the story dialogue and he will take your ticket and give you a griffy. Griffy so far at 35 hours in is my best familiar. No Longer Mine is southeast of Autumnia and south of the Spindle. A small test where I try to determine the difference between maxing out familiars at each metamorphic stage and metamorphosing them as soon as you're able to. Nipper. It's only real drawback is it's fire weakness, but that can be overcome with Fire Seals. are displayed as a "Familiar Ticket" in Oliver's Bottomless Bag (the inventory). Metamorphosis may occur when a familiar is at a certain level (differs for each familiar) and by giving them a Sundrop, Stardrop, Moondrop, or Planetdrop (the last treat is. ago. Ni no Kuni is a mix of turn-based elements and actions based combat. Fantasy. But if I did still have him, I’d go for gruffurnace because I already have too many water familiars and not enough fire ones. Monolith with Tundra Shield and Fire Seal or Storm Steal depending on where you're at aaaaaaand success. Currently Playing: Final Fantasy Type 0. All the DS carts are flawless. The mark of the beast refined into a combat accessory, fangs increase the offensive capabilities of the wearer and are more common as spoils over peddler's wares. Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch. All 3 of them you can access right now too. Related Wiki entries. The Monolith family! After you get to stage 2 of evolution (Megalith) and get "Yoo Hoo" this guy is a beast. Griffy. They seem to pop up more frequently if the opponent is badly beaten in one or two blows rather than being defeated by taking a longer series of actions. ". Ni No Kuni Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. Ni No Kuni Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. Filter by flair. High quality Griffies-inspired gifts and merchandise. Go to the Genie's Steps and use the Gateway spell to randomize the Dinoceros. It moves fast, hits fast, and has some pretty decent resilience. The Official Odin of the Shin Megami Tensei IV board. " Wizard's Companion: "Extremely strong creatures who amuse themselves by juggling rocks—a true spectacle for the curious observer. . . You can always use gems to teach them better skills to use later in the game. For Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch on the PlayStation 3, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "All the DLC familiars apart from griffy are underwhelming. About This Game. Read at your own risk, greed will overcome your restraint. Unique Ni No Kuni Griffy stickers featuring millions of original designs created and sold by independent artists. The single best early bloomer I found was. Griffy, Mite, Drongo, Hurly, and Flutterby tickets are DLC tickets that you must have a code for. A young girl in Castaway Cove asked you to create a candle cutter in your cauldron and show it to her. With its fearsome Phantom Fangs and its potent Petrifying Puff, this creature is not. I want to end up with 100% alchemy completion, as I'm kinda obsessed with totally finish games I like. Pom Pom. Splisher. Nintendo Switch PC PlayStation 4 Xbox Series X Xbox One. You can trade them in by talking to Solomon in the Temple of Trials. " Genus: Aquatica Equipment Type: Axes and Hammers, Cloaks,. One of the especially weird things with pre-orders is that a lot of times you’ll get different things depending on the retailer you’re pre-ordering from. wizaerd (Topic Creator) 10 years ago #5. He only missed a draggle ticket you can download for free from PSN. Also tactics question". when you reach the point in the story where they explain the familiar retreat and catching familiars, talk to the main guy in that room after all the story dialogue and he will take your ticket and give you a griffy. For Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch on the PlayStation 3, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "How strong is Griffy?". Currently Playing: Final Fantasy Type 0. Flora, Automata - flan. Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch PlayStation 3 . Another World - Stunning visuals, made possible by utilizing the full capabilities of the hardware, create the world of Ni no Kuni and immerses players into Oliver's. White or transparent. Griffy metas to a new form, he is still more powerful at level 1. Creature Compendium: "Though it appears mild-mannered, this creature is willing and able to leap out of the water to strike foes. The next metamorphosis is normally possible some 10-15 levels later. You need to play the game until you reach the Temple of Trials. " Wizard's Companion: "These charming creatures, whom some believe are born from the hearts of music lovers, communicate via a series of staccato parps from their shiny brass beaks. By giving more and more of their favorite food, their Familiarity will slowly increase. Shop affordable wall art to hang in dorms, bedrooms, offices, or anywhere blank walls aren't welcome. Back when the game first released for the PS3 in 2013, the Griffy. So, if you wanted to search for Shonky-Honker, you'd instead just search for Shonky Honker. Familiars from a pre-order, DLC, etc. " Genus: Milites Equipment Type: Axes and Hammers, Headgear, Fangs Gem Type: Neutral,. Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch (PlayStation 3). Mine's second form level 19 right now, but I can't decide which path to evolve, so I'm just gonna max him out for now. Amazon. But he also caps early, his max level is 11 on his first form. Lumber wood is second only to monolith in defense, but it maxes at 30 in its final form. Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch. some of my favorite familiars the dinoceros, griffin, goldenmite, watch the video and i will be showing you how to gain them. Griffy is so much more powerful than 95% of the familiars in the. When I take Griffy of hers familiars, she comes back to heal my tem again. No Longer Mine. Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch (PlayStation 3) Where do you get the creature tickets?. Jun Kazama Concept Art by Mari Shimazaki from Tekken. Unravel Shadar's scheme by entering the Miasma Marshes. so therefore its impossible to have a Griffererator and Griffurnace for instance on the same file blah. " Wizard's Companion: "" Genus: Aves Equipment Type: Horns and Claws, Fangs, Scales Gem Type: Neutral, Physical, Storm Miracle Move: Inner Strength Command: Psyche Up Status effect modifiers: Vulnerable to: Blindness Highly. Tokos are found on Swan Island, to the northeast of the Summerlands (Ding Dong Dell). Mii: Happy. . Ok, so I recently downloaded Ni no kuni and have been playing a lot. View an image titled 'Griffy Art' in our Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch art gallery featuring official character designs, concept art, and promo pictures. I'm at the level cap (21) and good gosh this is a tough decision. . N3DS XL FC: 1848-1683-7118. Default Command: Evade! Command Slot Unlock: Morph to Second Form, Morph to Third Form, Familiarity Level 3. The Conductor is in a forest to the south of Ding Dong Dell, and has something important to tell you. 77 new $3. Interestingly, its lair boasts the same decoration. Equipped by familiars that excel at attacking and using physical tricks, most often those of a beastly prowess. Also off topic but I love your username. Creature Compendium: "This creature's piercing gaze strikes fear into the hearts of its prey. I love the way they both look and I like the added bonuses they give, that's why I'm on the fence on which to get. 410: Golden Psychophant. Each. In Perdida, to your northeast as soon as you enter, is Derwin, and he has a new, excruciatingly painful task for you. Members. Of the ones I used, Turbandit is pretty great. Hichew23 posted. thundy8410 years ago#2. Creature Compendium: "This sturdy creature's crimson body is resistant to fire. Created Jan 17, 2013. "You know how confusing the whole good-evil concept is for me. Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch; Grimray or Springray; butterbeancd 10 years ago #1. Characters — such as Oliver, Esther, and Swaine — can use Familiars to fight in place of themselves during creature battles. You're not lying. Except that Green Buncher hits 3-5 times per attack, and with it's high attack power it mows through enemies extremely quickly. He is a early riser on stats, which means his stats growth is insane when you first get him. Snaptrap offre une variété de techniques, y compris le soutien physique, la guérison et les attaques de feu. Golden Tin-Man is available only through The Crypt Casino. Griffy is great early on, but later on drops off. You can get by with out it, but it'll be much easier with a whole party of maxed out familiars. Overpowered, so I did not use it. Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch (PlayStation 3) Where do you get the creature tickets?. I'm using a 4 character. A Hamelin researcher is anxious because he's unable to deliver his sister's medicine to her. If you're not buying the lavish Wizard's Edition of Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch, you still have the option to get some extra stuff with your purchase. Sillymander is an especially odd offense, as well as some of Esther and the fourth character's choices, as those roles go to many other familiars. final_aeonalex 4 years ago #3. You can get them after a battle, from side quests, in chests, or you can purchase them at vendors. Death From Above Art from Titanfall. My prima guide won't come till. Wondering this too. on eBay or somewhere). Funnily enough, NNK1 is a game where levelling up, as opposed to equipment, does help stats. Griffy - Ni No Kuni Level-5. Description Creature Compendium: "A cold-blooded creature in every sense. atk/16 m. I had Griffy back for the PS3 and got some of the other preorder bonuses like the Flutterby, and the Gold Hurly (Prima Guide), and Gold Mite/Gold Drongo (Wizard Edition) separately. Following Friends Follow Unfollow . Available in both High Gloss and Satin, gently rounded corners and a cleanable surface. Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch; Griffy amazon exclusive and other exclusives; Draggy570 10 years ago #1. e. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The man outside of the Cat's Cradle in Ding Dong Dell lost his diary again, and agreeing to help him will open a new area- a cave, just east. Creature Compendium: "A creature born from a child's love for his favorite toy. is really slow but powerful at level 1. " Genus: Aquatica Equipment Type: Horns and Claws, Fangs,. However, he still moves like molasses when running around. "Fearsome creatures that lurk in the darkness of the depths. Induces metamorphosis in familiars. Blackjack. For Oliver’s spells, I preferred using ones that attack every enemy. I got the game on sale on the Nintendo e-shop. They still retain memories from their lifetime, and tend to think that total strangers are their long-lost lovers. There are five variations of the Toko line, three of which are fantastic for leveling. about Griffy". Ni no Kuni Wrath of the White Witch Best Familiars. Is giffy a good familiar to train ? Yes, it might actually be overpowered. com received an exclusive Griffy Familiar, not seen in the original Japanese version of the game. For Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch on the PlayStation 3, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "can anyone confirm if wal mart copies have griffy?". Focus Reset. " Wizard's Companion: "Composed entirely of metal, these creatures are known for the distinctive clanging sound they make when they walk, which unfailingly alerts enemies to their presence. Miracle: Sporestorm. Just to put it into perspective, Griffy and Dinoceros are so powerful, there's a reason so many people advise against using them as the game will be kind of boring. A lot of the recommended familiars are utterly worthless until you power-level them up to level 70-80, at which point they start gaining a ton of stats rapidly. Book says in the only thicket south by southwest of the entrance to Hamelin. i had try and tested it 1. A man who trusts everyone is a fool, and a man who trusts no one is a fool. missing clinketyclank. Interactive map of Vault of Tears for Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch with locations, and descriptions for items, characters, easter eggs and other game content, including Cave, Forest. Perdida is located west of Hamelin, Autumnia's biggest city. Is Griffy (the pre-order DLC familiar) overpowered? I'm currently just past the volcano area, and Griffy is proving to be an incredibly powerful familiar- at level 7 he's far stronger than my level 19 Mite. Check out the black orb on the. W: No Man's Sky PC Horizon Omega preorder Ship DLC, misc H: misc - posted in Trading : Hey all, So, heres my massively updated trade list, for anyone who wants to do the deed! (Will be continuously updated as time goes on. Aquatica, Minima - pie. This errand is available after defeating Al-Khemi in Castaway Cove. thanks thats what I thought but had to make sure. Definitely not required. ) WANTS ---------- Im primarily looking for the No Mans Sky preorder Horizon Omega DLC ship here, even though I dont. I've seen most people here commenting on Grimray, but very few on Springray. Griffy. Boards. They level up and evolve alongside the player, and you can recruit certain enemies to the player's team. A lot of the recommended familiars are utterly worthless until you power-level them up to level 70-80, at which point they start gaining a ton of stats rapidly. Feeding your familiars will increase their fullness meter, up to a maximum of ten. There's no reason to make the game that much easier. Though they appear to be rather docile, they have been known to jump out of the water and attack unsuspecting seafarers. I recently exchanged a Griffy familiar ticket, but when I went to learn more about the griffy, all I’ve found is that it was only available through a redeem code. Player must morph for later iterations. errand 55 help. The Shipwreck Shore is part of the Summerlands, but accessible only by air, or by docking the boat on the beach. hopefully they add Griffy on PSN and enable a way for people to get more than 1, so I can get Griffrigerator. Dinoceros and maybe a Bighorn are the two I would recommend for Oliver. Go and investigate! This bounty is available to complete after beginning Errand 131. Power is not alluring to pure minds. Do not get into the habit of just standing there and mashing the attack button as this can easily get you killed even in normal encounters. I ended up replacing Griffy around mid game, but you may be good waiting till end game. Griffy is a VERY solid familiar. Her real-world soulmate is a shy girl named Myrtle, who is nicknamed Starey-Mary by the children because she never leaves her room and always. Griffy Art. 1. Join Oliver as he embarks on an adventure through a world inhabited by new friends and ferocious foes alike in the hopes of bringing back his mother. Creature Compendium: "This creature wanders far-flung frozen climes, wearing a mirror robe that is said to reflect a vision of one's worst enemy. Treats are items that can be used to feed your Familiars . These are revolutionary, durable and completely brilliant. Prize: Chip Price: Bluster Blade 10,000 Great Sage's Secret 15,000 Idler Ticket 25,000 Golden Tin-Man Ticket 99,999Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch Guide. ago. She wants you to make a candle cutter, but you'll need several ingredients first. They're stats at the end of the day are really good, but their movesets leave something to be desired, even taking into consideration the Gems they can use. 1. All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. PSN and Steam ID: zzenigmaxzz. Posts: 12. Go to Ni_no_Kuni r/Ni_no_Kuni • by. Griffy is a monster through most of the story, but by the very end I had relegated him to the box. Valheim Genshin. Journey back to the other world in Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch™ Remastered. In the intro paragraph to each genus type, it lists their favorite treat. Griffy's maximum level in his final form is 29, his stats max out at 310ish attack, 250ish defense, 210 magical attack, 150 magical defense, 160 accuracy, 200 evasion, or thereabouts. Griffy: Flutterby: Draggle: Golden Mite: Golden Drongo: Golden Hurly: Categories Categories: Misc;. Comments and suggestions are always welcome. " Wizard's Companion: "Curious creatures whose plumage forms a face when correctly aligned. CryptoTake the Other World with You. This errand is available to complete after defeating Swaine's Nightmare in Castaway Cove. Double Sign familiars in general have a stat variation (the degree varies by creature) Single Star Griffy: 24 str/21 def/20 m. Any character can cause the hearts to appear over an opponents head by "defeating" that opponent. sucks balls but keep playing you'll soon unlock familiar recruiting you'll be able to get a op one for ester called griffy you exchange a ticket to the Master of the temple of trials I also recommend getting. There literally isn’t a bad choice there. Shop high-quality unique Ni No Kuni Griffy T-Shirts designed and sold by independent artists. NewEgg. This occurs earlier in the game than the Pandora League so it seems more appropriate as the accepted answer. Bonus: Equip him with the "Avengers Badge" to reflect back 5% damage. High quality Griffy inspired clocks designed and sold by independent artists around the world. For Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch on the PlayStation 3, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "Question about Griffy". Treats boost a familiar’s primary ability and also an ability known as familiarity, which reflects how much it likes you. The beloved Ni no Kuni series joins XBOX for the first time!Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch is now available, and fans can look forward to Ni no Kuni: R.